TOPIC : GLOBAL WARMING
- Some impacts from increasing temperatures are already happening.
- Ice is melting worldwide, especially at the Earth’s poles. This includes mountain glaciers, ice sheets covering West Antarctica and Greenland, and Arctic sea ice.
- Researcher Bill Fraser has tracked the decline of the Adélie penguins on Antarctica, where their numbers have fallen from 32,000 breeding pairs to 11,000 in 30 years.
- Sea level rise became faster over the last century.
- Some butterflies, foxes, and alpine plants have moved farther north or to higher, cooler areas.
- Precipitation (rain and snowfall) has increased across the globe, on average.
- Sea levels are expected to rise between 7 and 23 inches (18 and 59 centimeters) by the end of the century, and continued melting at the poles could add between 4 and 8 inches (10 to 20 centimeters).
- Hurricanes and other storms are likely to become stronger.
- Species that depend on one another may become out of sync. For example, plants could bloom earlier than their pollinating insects become active.
- Floods and droughts will become more common. Rainfall in Ethiopia, where droughts are already common, could decline by 10 percent over the next 50 years.
- Less fresh water will be available. If the Quelccaya ice cap in Peru continues to melt at its current rate, it will be gone by 2100, leaving thousands of people who rely on it for drinking water and electricity without a source of either.
- Some diseases will spread, such as malaria carried by mosquitoes.
- Ecosystems will change—some species will move farther north or become more successful; others won’t be able to move and could become extinct. Wildlife research scientist Martyn Obbard has found that since the mid-1980s, with less ice on which to live and fish for food, polar bears have gotten considerably skinnier. Polar bear biologist Ian Stirling has found a similar pattern in Hudson Bay. He fears that if sea ice disappears, the polar bears will as well.
- Causes :
- Increase in usage of chemical fertilizers on croplands
- Deforestacion
- Ozono layer .
TOPIC : POVERTY IN PERU
- DOWNTURN : recesión
- disease : enfermedad
- income : ingresos
- Statistics :estadisticas.
- illiteracy :analfabetismo
- lack : escasez ,falta,carencia.
Rural poverty in Peru
Peru is a middle-income country with a growing gross domestic product. It ranks 80th out of 187 countries on the United Nations Development Programme's 2011 Human Development Index – a comparative measure of life expectancy, literacy, education and standards of living for countries worldwide.
According to government statistics, less than a third of the Peruvian population now lives below the national poverty line, compared with around half in the early 2000s. Nevertheless, about 8 million people remain poor, and poverty is deepest among people of indigenous origin living in remote rural areas. In fact, the national rural poverty rate is over 50 per cent, with 20 per cent of people in the Sierra region considered extremely poor.
Lack of opportunities for rural people has caused a massive migration to urban centres, where market activity offers greater livelihood options. Today, three out of four Peruvians reside in and around urban areas.
But while both urban and rural poverty affect Peru, food insecurity is chronic in rural regions, where many smallholder farmers produce basic food crops at a subsistence level. For this reason and others, people born in Lima can expect to live almost 20 years longer than those born in the southern highlands.
Rural poverty in Peru has its roots in:
- High rates of illiteracy, particularly among women
- Lack of essential services, such as education and electrical power
- Insecure rights to land, forests and water
- Inadequate agricultural research, training and financial services
- Ineffective animal and plant health services
- Poor transportation infrastructure and marketing systems
- Lack of well-defined territorial organization and planning.
BULLYING :
No hay comentarios:
Publicar un comentario